Prof. Samamoto's PapersMr. Sakamoto (Prof. of Ochanomizu Univ.) kindly sent me several papers. Great thanks!
In 2011, Mr. Masahiro Nagashima (National Nagasaki Univ.) had performed a supplementary examination of the two Mr. Sakamoto's papers, which is mentioned the bottom of this page.
The First PaperAs far as I know, the following paper analyzed the largest number of samples: more than 30,000 people using the random sampling method. Of course, it showed the clear difference between blood types. But Mr. Sakamoto said "blood-typical stereotypes" caused the difference, not blood types themselves. So he thinks there is no relation between blood types and personality.
Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1992). Ketsueki gata sutereotaipu ni yoru jiko joju gensho 2 [The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey 2]. Paper presented at the 33rd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 342-345).
JNN Data Bank (Japan News Network Data Bank, a department of TBS, which is one of the major TV stations in Tokyo) conducts a large annual survey. Its subjects are about 3,000 people annually, from age 13 to 59 using the random sampling method. The surveys of 1978 - 88 have items of blood type and 24 yes-no questions of personality.
24 yes-no question items of personality
1 I am ready to keep company with everyone.
2 I make an effort toward my goal.
3 I like to be a leader.
4 I am not particular about things.
5 I do not know how to refresh myself.
6 I am serious when I should be so.
7 I often tell jokes to make others laugh.
8 I do not change my idea after I present it.
9 I am not worried by what I was told.
10 I have a lot of friends.
11 I am often worried about things.
12 I sometimes indulge in fancies.
13 I am not good at getting along with others.
14 I like to have parties in my home.
15 I am careful when doing something.
16 I am often moved to tears.
17 I often change my mind.
18 I am a good loser.
19 I am persevering.
20 I cannot be quiet and I make merry when I am delighted.
21 I am shy.
22 I sometimes burst into a rage.
23 I like to think deeply alone more than to talk with others.
24 I do not like to visit someone without presents.
How to calculate each blood-type scores (Type-A score as an example) :
Choose three items that "fit to Type A personality" （in red). If people answered "yes" to them and give 100 for each. Calculate the mean value of these three. Also choose three items that "don't fit to Type A personality" (in blue). If people answered "yes" to them and give -100 for each. Calculate mean value of those three, too. Finally take the difference of the two mean values. This is the Type-A score, as we called, that represents "Type A personality".
Calculate Type-B, Type-O and Type-AB scores using the same method.
As a result: (In the order of Type A, B, O and AB)
Mr. Sakamoto also conducted mutiple regression analysis:
- Type-A score of Type-A people increases as time goes by (p<0.005).
- But, such trends were not detected except for Type A.
- Non Type-A people become non "Type-A", year by year. Also, for a general trend, people become non "Type A" as time goes by. This is interesting, although these points are not the chief aim of this research.
As a study:
The rating of Type-A people turned to the stereotyped direction of women's college students. So, there is the possibility that the self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical stereotypes is occurring, if there is not the difference of personality between blood types, which is usually said.
Yet, such phenomenon is not detected except Type A. Further surveys will be needed.
The Second PaperThe data of this paper is the same as the first paper. But, he did not conduct multiple regression analysis because it was announced one year ago. It is intereting that A-B score of age and sex were calculated (yet, the range of value is between -1 to 1, because it is not multiplied by 100, as the first paper is). I quote the conclusion a little bit.
Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1991). Ketsueki gata sutereotaipu ni yoru jiko joju gensho [The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey]. Paper presented at the 32nd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 289-291).
Excerpts:
1. Age / Fig. 5
"A-B" score becomes higher as age becomes higher. In other words, senior people are more like "Type A".
2. Blood type / Fig. 6
"A-B" score of Type-A people (0.082) is significantly higher than that of Type-B people (0.027).
3. Year of the survey / Fig. 7
"A-B" score has gradually decreased in 11 years from 1978 through 1988. In other words, Japanese people are becoming more like "Type B".
4. Alternate action between blood types and year of the survey / Fig. 8
The alternate action between blood types and year of survey were detected. Type-A people become more like "Type A" and Type-B people become more like "Type B". This is the result that means the self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical stereotypes.
Fantastic!
But...But, when you carefully watch Fig. 7 of the second paper,
you should notice something strange.
Until now, many opponents of "blood type and personality" (especially, Japanese
psychologists) have asserted that the difference of personality by blood types does not
exist, because reliable data and/or results of questionnaire are not available.
However, the difference is very significant -- out of question -- in Fig.
7 of the second paper. Eleven years and more than 30,000 people by complete random
sampling. Therefore, the former assertion, "reliable data and/or results of
questionnaire are not available", is completely wrong!
Also read Ms. Yoriko Watanabe's paper.
Watanabe, Y. (1994). The roles of prototype and exemplar in the formation of the "blood type stereotype". Shakai shinrigaku kenkyu [Social psychology research], 10-2, 77-86.
Articles above are updated on May 27, 1998.
The Third PaperWhen I read the article of Scientific American's guest blog last year (Feb. 15, 2011) -- You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality -- I found Mr. Sakamoto's paper (he is a very friendly person).
To my surprise, he clearly said that there are definite relationships between blood types and "self-reported" personality.
Sakamoto, A., & Yamazaki, K. et al. (2004), Blood-typical personality stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy: A natural experiment with time-series data of 1978-1988, Progress in Asian Social Psychology, Vol. 4. Seoul, Korea, Pp. 239-262. (pdf)
This indicates that blood-typical personality stereotypes actually influenced the personalities - self-reported personalities, at least - of individuals, and that they also operated as a self-fulfilling prophecy, although the greatness of that influence could be discussed.
Would not it become a hot topic in Japan
because this paper was an English one?
If I read this article before, I did not have a hard time.
Anyway, the debate -- whether or not there is a statistical difference -- was
already over!!
(October 11, 2015)
Mr.
Nagashima's Research ReportIn 2011, Mr. Masahiro Nagashima (National Nagasaki Univ.) had performed a supplementary examination of the two Mr. Sakamoto's papers mentioned above.
The number of samples was 30,000 people in 11 years in Mr. Sakamoto's papers, to my surprise, as many as 200,000 people in 30 years are investigated by Mr. Nagashima's Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in 2011. However, the number of samples and years and were not specified in this report for some reason, so that I have to suppose these numbers. The followings are excerpts:
血液型と性格に関する解析では、過去の研究結果を拡張することができたとともに、21世紀以降のデータでは、安定して血液型ごとに性格の自己申告について有意な差が出ることが判明した。
We also demonstrate that significant difference on personal characteristics between blood-types by using the database on recent huge questionnaires survey.科学研究費助成事業（科学研究費補助金）研究成果報告書
From the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
教員養成課程における科学リテラシー構築に向けた疑似科学の実証的批判的研究
FY2011 Final Research Report: A demonstrative and critical study on pseudo-science for scientific literacy construction at teacher education course
2010年度〜2011年度
FY2010-2011
代表者 武藤 浩二 Principal Investigator MUTO, Cosy (National Nagasaki Univ.)
研究分担者 長島 雅裕 Co-Investigator MASAHIRO, Nagashima (National Nagasaki Univ.)
[https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22650191/]
[https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/file/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22650191/22650191seika.pdf]
Now, the statistical debate was already over!
| Excerpts:
3. 研究の方法 3. Method of the study 4. 研究成果 4. Results of research |
(October 11, 2015)
Last update: October 11,2015. (Minor corrections on August 12, 2017)
E-mail: abofan@js2.so-net.ne.jp
