V. V. Jogawar

ABO FAN

V. V. Jogawar's Study -- December 30, 1997

Excerpts from "Personality correlates of human blood groups." Personality and Individual Differences, pp. 215-216, Vol.4, No.2 ,1983.

V. V. Jogawar in India studied the relationship between ABO blood type and personalty factor after R. B. Cattell.  Subjects were 590 students of 11 colleges in India.

        A close scrutiny of the above results indicates a consistent trend about B group. It shows that as compared to the other groups the B-group persons are (a) emotionally less stable, (b) more apprehensive, (c) less self-sufficient, and (d) more tense.
        Of these four characteristics, at least three -- (a), (b), (d) -- are readily be classified under 'affective' or 'emotional'   behaviour, and the data therefore support the Angst and Maurer-Groeli (1974) findings that emotionality is related to blood group B. There are no data here to support the relationship between introversion and AB blood group.

Cattell's 16 Personalty Factor test does not make "stereotype" -- some Japanese psychologists says -- because the relation between blood group and personality is not a general topic in India and its question items are not open to the public. By the way, 16PF test paper is not sold to usual people like me. I finally gave up to get it although I intended to examine question items.

Personality Factor -- December 30, 1997

Excerpts from R. B. Cattell et al., "The relation of blood types to primary and secondary personality traits." The Mankind Quarterly, pp35-51, Vol. 21, 1980.

TABLE 2

DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PERSONALITY FACTORS

Primaries
Source-
Trait Index		 Low-Score Description High-Score Description
A SIZIA
Reserved, detached, crictical, aloof, stiff		 AFFECTIA
Outgoing, warmheartedness, easygoing, participating
B1 LOW INTELLIGENCE
Dull		 HIGH INTELLIGENCE
Bright
C LOWER EGO STRENGTH
At mercy of feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset, changeable		 HIGHER EGO STRENGTH
Emotionally stable, mature, faces reality, calm
E SUMMISSIVENESS
Humble, mild, easily led, docile, accommodating		 DOMINANCE
Assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn
F DESURGENCY
Sober, taciturn, serious		 SURGENCY
Happy-go lucky, gay enthusiastic
G WEAKER SUPEREGO STRENGTH
Expedient, disregards rules		 STRONGER SUPEREGO STRENGTH
Conscientious, persistent, moralistic
H THRECTIA
Shy, timid, threat-sensitive		 PARMIA
Venturesome, uninhibited, socially bold
I HARRIA
Tough minded, self-reliant, realistic		 PREMSIA
Tender minded, sensitive, clinging, overprotected
L ALAXIA
Trusting, accepting conditions		 PROTENSION
Suspicious, hard to fool
M PRAXERINIA
Practical, "down to earth" concerns		 AUTIA
Imaginative, bohemian, absent-minded
N ARTLESSNESS
Forthright, unpretentious, genuine, but socially clumsy		 SHREWDNESS
Astute, polished, socially aware
O UNTROUBLED ADEQUACY
Serine		 GUILT PRONESS
Worrying, troubled
Q1 CONSERVATIVISM OF TEMPERAMENT
Conservative, respecting traditional ideas		 RADICALISM
Experimeinting, liberal, free-thinking
Q2 GROUPE ADHERENCE
Group-dependent, a "joiner" and sound follower		 SELF-SUFFICIENCY
Self-sufficient, resouceful, prefers own decisions
Q3 LOW SELF-SENTIMENT INTEGRATION
Undisciplined self conflict, lax, follows own urges, careless of social rules		 HIGH STRENGTH OF
Controlled, exacting will power, socailly precise, compulsive,following self image
Q4 LOW ERGIC TENSION
Relaxed, tranquilt, torpid, unfrustrated, composed		 HIGH ERGIC TENSION
Tense, frustrated, driven, overwrought

Note: Factor B, intelligence, although not one of the 15 personality factors, being an ability measure, is in its usual position here in the 16 PF scales.

The Original -- December 30, 1997

        It has been shown by Angst and Maurer-Groeli (1974) and Cattell et al. (1964) that there may be associations between blood groups and personality characteristics, and Eysenck and Eysenck (1982: Eysenck, 1977) have extended this work to national differences in personality and blood groups. Their major finding is that introversion is significantly more frequent among persons having the AB blood group. whereas neuroticism (emotionality) is significantly more frequent in persons having blood group B.
        The present study used the Cattell 16PF Inventory on a sample of 590 students of the 11 colleges of Kolhapur, Sangli and Solapur. The selected sample covered the faculties of Arts. Science, Commerce and Medicine, and in order to get sufficient females two ladies' colleges were included in ihe sample. Students came from all levels of society, including urban and rural.
        Testing was done in two sessions. In the first session, the 16PF inventory was administered to a group of 40-50 persons at a time. after which their blood group was tested. On the following day inventories relating to socio-economic status. acceptance/rejection of the child by the parents, and an inventory to measure parental relations was administered to the same group. Rapport was established with the group before administration of tests. and they were asked to adopt a fictitious name and write it on all the four inventories in order to elicit true responses. Nearly 750 students were used in the original investigation. These individuals were then classified according to their blood groups, i.e. A, B, AB and O. These four groups were then matched on socio-economic status. parental relations. and acceptance/rejection by the parents. In the course of the matching, over 100 cases had to be dropped. Table I shows the classification of the 590 individuals in the four blood groups.
        An analysis of variance of the four groups was done for each of the Cattell factors, except factor G. As the distribution of scores of factor G was considerably skewed. chi-square was computed; but did not prove statistically significant. F values for the factors shown in Table 2 were found to be statistically significant. t-Values were calculated for the various pairs of means of the factors having significant Only six such pairs were found to be statistically significant and are shown in Table 3.
        The following conclusions can be drawn

Factor C: The significant Cs of the pairs (1) A vs B and (2) B vs O show that A- and O-group persons are emotionally more stable than B-group persons.
Factor O: B-group persons are more apprehensive than A-group persons.
Factor Q2: A-group persons are more self-sufficient than B-group persons.
Factor Q4: B- and O-group persons are more tense than AB-group persons.

Table 1. Classifications of 590 Ss into the four blood groups

Sex A B AB O Total
M 110 105 30 105 350
F 60 75 20 85 240
Total 170 180 50 190 590

The following tools were used in this study:

(1) Form A of the 16PF Inventory of Cattell adapted for an Indian population by Kolhapur:
(2) Socio-econimic Status (SES) Inventory.
(3) Inventory to measure acceptance/reuection of the child by the parents:
(4) Inventory to measare parental cordial reelations.

Inventories (2)-(4) were developed bye the author as part of his Ph.D. research work. Their reliabilities and validities are given below:

Name of the Inventory

Coefficient of
relaibility

Coefficient
of
validity
(1) SES Inventory

0.97

0.69
(2) Accenptance/rejection of the child by the parents

0.75

0.42
(3) Parental cordial relationsl

0.78

0.43

Table 2. Cattell factors showing significant F values

No. Factor Description of the factor F P df
1 C Affected by feelings vs emotionally stable 2.782 0.05 586
2 O Placid vs apprehensive 4.704 0.01 586
3 Q2 Group-dependend vs self-sufficient 2.289 0.05 586
4 Q4 Relaxed vs tense 2.613 0.05 586

Table 3. Significant comparisons of B and other blood groups

Pairs of
BG means		 Difference
between the means

Description of
the diffrence

 t P df
(1) A vs B
(2) B vs O		 0.84
1.06

Factor C
A+
O+

 2.005
2.732		 0.05
0.01		 348
368
(1) A vs B 0.88

Factor O
O+

 2.100 0.05 348
(1) A vs B 0.80

Factor Q2
A+

 2.446 0.02 348
(1) B vs AB
(2) AB vs O		 1.78
1.36

Factor Q4
B+
O+

 2.751
2.132		 0.01
0.05		 228
238

        A close scrutiny of the above results indicates a consistent trend about B group. It shows that as compared to the other groups the B-group persons are (a) emotionally less stable, (b) more apprehensive, (c) less self-sufficient, and (d)more tense.
        Of these four characteristics, at least three -- (a), (b), (d) -- are readily be classified under 'affective' or 'emotional'   behaviour. and the data therefore support the Angst and Maurer-Groeli (1974) findings that emotionality is related to blood group B. There are no data here to support the relationship between introversion and AB blood group.

REFERENCES

ANGST J. and MAURER-GROLE Y. A. (1974) Blutgruppen und Personlichkeit. Arch. Psychiat. 218. 291-300.
CATTFLL R., YOUNG H. and HUNDLESY J. (1964) Blood groups and personality trait, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 16, 397-402.
EYSENCK H. J., (1977) National differences in personality as related to ABO blood group polymorphism. Psycol. Rep. 41, 1257-1258.
EYSENCK H. J., and EYSENCK S. B. G. (1982)  Recent advances in the cross cultural study of personality. Advances in Personality Assessment (Edited by SPEILBERGER C. D. and BUTCHERLT J. N.). Lawrence Erlbaum. Hillsdale, New Jersey.

Comments -- December 30, 1997

These data showed the opposite result of other countries (the West and Japan etc. ) for the most part. Jogawar said emotionality is related to Type B.  However, I don't know whether it is cultural difference of India and other countries, or subjects were college students -- I know only a little about culture of India.
Anyway,  these differences appeared in the data support my hypothesis. :-) Conditions like the followings are necessary for stable results.

1. Homogeneous subjects (social positon, age, region etc.)
2. The number of subjects is more than several hundred (more than one thousand and ratio of each blood types are the same, if possible)
3. Choose the personality description of Mr. NOMI.
4. Results does not correspond to Mr. NOMI's description ("language" does not represent "personality") -- also effected by culture and contry etc.

Condition 1. of my hypothesis is almost fulfilled (all subjects were college students, although regions are different) and conditions 2. & 4. are fulfilled. Condition 3. is difficult to be fulfilled because it is the question of language. Also, the difference of reply rate is perfect -- 10 to 20%. :-)

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