ABO式血液型での結果 (H9.12.28)ABO式血液型での結果 (H9.12.28)原題： "The relationship between ABO blood type and factor of personality among south Mississippi 'Anglo-Saxon' school children" The Mankind Quarterly, pp.205-258, Vol. 20, 1980.
For 547 students at the three Mississippi academies, both ABO blood type data and sten scores on the Cattell personality questionnaires were available. Tables 13, 14 and 15 present the distributions of the mean scores on the Cattell personality tests by ABO blood type for Columbia, Sanford and Brookhaven Academies respectively. Table 16 presents the distribution of the mean personality factor scores for the four ABO blood types for the three academies combined.
As can be seen from Table 16, the mean scores for each personality factor differ by ABO blood type. The statistical significance of these mean blood type differences was tested by means of an analysis of variance. F-ratios were calculated for each of the fifteen sets of factor scores. In the case of Factor Q4 (Relaxed vs. Tense), the mean blood type differences were statistically significant at both the .05 and .01 levels. That is, those students of blood type O (X = 5.87) were more "tense" than those of blood type A (X 5.38) or blood type B (X = 5.24). On the other hand, those students of blood type AB (X = 6.71) were the most "tense" of all.
In the case of Factor H (Shy vs. Venturesome), the mean blood type differences approached but did not reach significance at the .05 level. For this personality factor those students of blood type A (X = 5.41) were more "venturesome" than those of blood types O (X = 5.25) or AB (X = 4.29). Those subjects of blood type B (X = 5.55) had the highest mean score on this factor. The variance analysis test results for all fifteen personality factors are presented in Table 17.
Ｒ．Ｂ．キャッテルの研究を受けて、Ｄ．Ａ．スワンはアメリカ南部ミシシッピの私立の３学園（それぞれ小・中学校と高校がある）で１４（１３）性格因子法（キャッテルの１６性格因子法を児童・生徒向けに改訂したもの）による調査を行いました。被試験者数は全体で５４３人です。１つの性格因子について複数の質問があり、１つの質問には複数の選択子があります。それぞれの選択子には点数が付いていて、その性格因子の点数が最終的に１から１０点の間になるように調整します。検査方法は年齢別に次の３種類に分かれています。
有意差が出たのは次の１つだけです。
ただし、１９６４年にキャッテルが行ったイタリアでの調査とほぼ同じ結果が出たと付記してあります。
しかし、考えてみると、私立学校は校風や親の社会的地位がかなり違うはずなので、これらを補正しないと正しいデータは出ません。でも、校風や親の社会的地位のデータは書いてありませんでした。そこで、一番多い学校のデータだけ（３４８人＝全体の約７０％）を分析してみたところ、非常に興味深い（ほぼ日本のデータと同じ）傾向が出ています。
| 全部のデータを見てみたのですが、案の定というか学校によってかなり違う傾向が出ています。また、親戚関係にある対象者も、数が少ないＢ型やＡＢ型にはあるはずなのですが、これまた全く考慮されていません。更に、学校が違うので、学校による校風の違い、親の社会的地位の違い、学年によるクラス数（年齢構成）の違いなども全く考慮されていません。小学校１年生から高校１年生までという年齢構成も考えると、はたしてこのデータが妥当なものどうかは大いに疑問が残るところです。 たまたま都合のよいデータが出たからいいのですが、他の２校のデータではかなり違っているものもあります。いずれにせよ、ほぼ均質の集団でないとちゃんとした結果が出ないという私の仮説を裏付けるような結果にはなってはいるのですが…。なお、学年の内訳はデータを逆算した結果次のようになりました。他の２校のデータとはちょっと違っています。
|
なお、キャッテルの１６性格因子法は、基本的に質問項目を公開していないし、アメリカでは血液型と性格の関係は一般的な話題ではないので、日本の心理学者のいう「ステレオタイプ」は存在しません。気になる人もいると思うので、あらかじめ書いておきます。実は、自分で入手して質問項目を検討しようと思ったのですが、個人には販売してもらえないようなので、やむなくあきらめました。(*_*)
ABO Blood
Type and Personality Factor (H9.12.28) In the course of his research Dr.
Cattell has developed a number of questionnaire tests to provide careful descriptions of
personality. These tests are designed to measure the primary surface traits and secondary
source traits of personality which have been identified in his previous factor-analytic
studies. For adult subjects he constructed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.
This test consists of 184 multiple-choice questions selected to measure the level of
sixteen primary personality factors and eight composite secondary personality factors.
In order to study the development of personality, Cattell extended his
factor-analytic studies to adolescents and children. In general, he found "similar
factors at ages ranging from four-five years to adulthood, although there is a tendency to
obtain fewer factors at the younger ages." Cattell also found evidence "for age
trends on temperament factors, such as rises over the age range eleven to twenty-three in
H (adventurousness) and C (ego strength), and drops in O (guilt-proneness) and L
(suspiciousness)." (58)
Dr. Cattell has also constructed questionnaire tests of personality for
adolescents (ages 12 to 18), children (ages 8 to 12), and young children (ages 6 to 8).
These are the fourteen-factor High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ), the
fourteen-factor Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), and the thirteen-factor Early
School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ). Table 12 presents a list of the fourteen factors
of personality measured by the High School Personality Questionnaire. The technical
titles, popular terms, and alphabetic designations are provided for each trait. (59)
Each test consists of a number of multiple-choice questions selected to
measure the personality factor structure appropriate for that particular age group. The
raw scores of the test responses for each personality trait are converted into sten
scores, which range from 1 to 10 with a mean of 5.5. Each trait is presented as "a
bi-polar continuum, the two polar titles - describing the extreme opposite poles."
Consequently, an individual with low sten scores of 1 to 3 on Factor A would be described
as "reserved" or "aloof", while an individual with high sten scores of
8 to 10 would be described as "outgoing" or warm-hearted." (60)
(56) Raymond B. Cattell, Duncan B. Blewett, and John R.
Beloff 1955 "The Inheritance of Personality," American Journal of Human
Genetics, "Vol.7, No.2, pp.122-146.
(57) Robert C. Nichols 1978 "Twin Studies of Ability, Personality, and
Interests," Homo, Vol.29, pp.158-172.
(58) Calvin S. Hall and Gardner Lindzey op. cit., pg. 399.
(59) Raymond B. Cattell and Mary D. L. Cattell 1975 Handbook for the Jr-Sr. High School
Personality Questionnaire, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Charnpaign,
Illinois, pp.6-8.
(60) Ibid., pp.19-21
性格因子
(H9.12.24)TABLE 12（構成を一部変更してあります）
TITLES AND SYMBOLS OF THE FOURTEEN DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY MEASURED BY THE CATTEL HIGH SCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE (Cattell, 1975)*
| Alphabetic Designation of Factor |
Low Sten Score Description (1-3) |
High Sten Score Description (8-10) |
| A | SIZIA Reserved, detached, crictical, aloof, stiff |
AFFECTIA Outgoing, warmheartedness, easygoing, participating |
| B | LOW INTELLIGENCE Dull |
HIGH INTELLIGENCE Bright |
| C | LOWER EGO STRENGTH At mercy of feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset, changeable |
HIGHER EGO STRENGTH Emotionally stable, mature, faces reality, calm |
| E | SUMMISSIVENESS Humble, mild, easily led, docile, accommodating |
DOMINANCE Assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn |
| F | DESURGENCY Sober, taciturn, serious |
SURGENCY Happy-go lucky, gay enthusiastic |
| G | WEAKER SUPEREGO STRENGTH Expedient, disregards rules |
STRONGER SUPEREGO STRENGTH Conscientious, persistent, moralistic |
| H | THRECTIA Shy, timid, threat-sensitive |
PARMIA Venturesome, uninhibited, socially bold |
| I | HARRIA Tough minded, self-reliant, realistic |
PREMSIA Tender minded, sensitive, clinging, overprotected |
| J | ZEPPIA Zestful linking group action |
COASTHENIA Circumspect individualism, reflective, internally restrained |
| O | UNTROUBLED ADEQUACY Serine |
GUILT PRONESS Worrying, troubled |
| Q2 | GROUPE ADHERENCE Group-dependent, a "joiner" and sound follower |
SELF-SUFFICIENCY Self-sufficient, resouceful, prefers own decisions |
| Q3 | LOW SELF-SENTIMENT INTEGRATION Undisciplined self conflict, lax, follows own urges, careless of social rules |
HIGH STRENGTH OF Controlled, exacting will power, socailly precise, compulsive,following self image |
| Q4 | LOW ERGIC TENSION Relaxed, tranquilt, torpid, unfrustrated, composed |
HIGH ERGIC TENSION Tense, frustrated, driven, overwrought |
* Raymond B. Cattell and Mary D. L. Cattell, Handbook for the Jr.-Sr. High School Personality Questionnaire, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Champaign, Illinois, 1975, pg. 7.
結果 (H9.12.24)TABLE 13
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN SCORES ON THE CATTELL PERSONALITY TEST BY ABO BLOOD TYPE AMONG COLUMBIA ACADEMY SCHOOL CHILDREN
| Personality Factor | Value | Blood Type O | Blood Type A | Blood Type B | Blood Type AB |
| 1. Factor A (Reserved vs. Warm-Hearted) よそよそしい vs あたたかい |
Mean | 5.69 | 5.62 | 5.93 | 4.69 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.86 | 1.874 | 1.85 | 1.75 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 2. Factor B (Dull vs. Bright) 頭が悪い vs 頭が良い |
Mean | 5.66 | 5.71 | 5.90 | 5.77 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.93 | 1.80 | 1.88 | 1.30 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 3. Factor C (Affected by Feelings vs. Emotionally Stable 感情に流される vs 感情が安定している |
Mean | 5.37 | 5.59 | 5.34 | 4.54 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.85 | 2.05 | 2.21 | 1.33 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 4. Factor D (Phlegmatic vs. Excitable) 冷静な vs 興奮しやすい |
Mean | 5.60 | 5.66 | 5.69 | 6.15 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.90 | 2.11 | 2.07 | 2.15 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 5. Factor E (Submissive vs. Dominant) 従属的な vs 支配的な |
Mean | 5.36 | 5.31 | 5.62 | 5.31 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.11 | 2.09 | 1.94 | 2.17 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 6. Factor F (Sober vs. Enthusiastic) 控えめな vs 熱烈な |
Mean | 5.40 | 5.36 | 6.24 | 4.77 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.11 | 2.09 | 1.94 | 2.17 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 7. Factor G (Expedient vs. Conscientious) ご都合主義的な vs 実直な |
Mean | 5.13 | 5.17 | 4.93 | 4.77 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.83 | 1.97 | 2.14 | 1.92 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 8. Factor H (Shy vs. Venturesome) 引っ込み思案な vs 冒険好きな |
Mean | 5.31 | 5.31 | 5.28 | 3.69 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.93 | 2.09 | 1.79 | 2.06 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 9. Factor I (Tough-Minded vs. Tender-Minded) 強情な vs 柔和な |
Mean | 5.04 | 4.97 | 4.52 | 4.92 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.34 | 1.19 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 10. Factor J (Zestful vs. Circumspect) 好奇心のある vs 慎重な |
Mean | 4.93 | 4.97 | 5.00 | 6.08 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.97 | 1.94 | 2.14 | 2.02 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 11. Factor N (Forthright vs. Shrewd) 率直な vs 明敏な（ずるい） |
Mean | 5.14 | 5.09 | 4.81 | 6.40 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.99 | 2.13 | 2.26 | 1.34 | |
| N | 91 | 77 | 16 | 5 | |
| 12. Factor O (Self-Assured vs. Guilt-Prone) 他罰的な vs 自罰的な |
Mean | 5.14 | 5.43 | 4.86 | 6.69 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.84 | 1.92 | 1.83 | 1.80 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 | |
| 13. Factor Q2 (Group-Dependent vs. Self-Sufficient) 集団依存的な vs 自己充足的な |
Mean | 4.92 | 5.09 | 5.23 | 5.88 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.80 | 2.07 | 2.24 | 2.47 | |
| N | 72 | 66 | 13 | 8 | |
| 14. Factor Q3 (Undisciplined vs. Controlled) 自制心の弱い vs 自制心の強い |
Mean | 5.32 | 5.33 | 4.92 | 4.58 |
| Standard Deviation | 1.79 | 2.06 | 1.87 | 1.88 | |
| N | 135 | 125 | 26 | 12 | |
| 15. Factor Q4 (Relaxed vs. Tense) リラックスしている vs 緊張している |
Mean | 5.70 | 5.40 | 5.21 | 6.77 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.13 | 1.74 | |
| N | 163 | 143 | 29 | 13 |
赤は多めの傾向、青は少なめの傾向
Summary (H9.12.28) In the fall of 1975 an anthropological
and psychological study was initiated of more than 1,000 school children of predominantly
'Anglo-Saxon' origin at three private academies in the southern Mississippi region of the
U.S.A. Anthropometric data, pigmentation measures, dermatoglyphic data, serological data,
and measures of intelligence and personality were obtained from the subjects. For the 646
students blood-typed for the ABO system, the combined distribution of phenotypes was: O =
46.0%, A = 42.7%, B = 7.6%, and AB = 3.7%. This ABO distribution is virtually identical
with that found in central, southern, and eastern England and indicates a predominantly
English origin of the subjects.
For 547 of the 646 subjects blood-typed for the ABO system, scores on
the Cattell multi-factor personality questionnaires were also available. This permitted a
study of the relation between ABO blood type and factor of personality. The statistical
significance of the differences between the four ABO blood types on fifteen factors of
personality was tested by analysis of variance. On one of the fifteen factors, the F-ratio
was significant at the .01 level. This was for Factor Q4 (Relaxed vs. Tense). Those
subjects of blood type O were more "tense" than those of blood types A or B,
while those of blood type AB were the most "tense." Differences between the four
blood types in mean scores on a second factor - Factor H (Shy vs. Venturesome) -
approached but did not attain statistical significance.
These results were strikingly similar to those obtained by Dr. Raymond
B. Cattell in his 1964 study of the relation between ABO blood type and factor of
personality in a sample of 581 Italian and Italo-American subjects. However, the
correlates obtained in his study were for different factors of personality. Such findings,
as well as those from studies of the relation between mental ability and blood type genes,
would suggest that genetic linkages between physical and behavioral traits may have
occurred in the course of evolution. Such linkages would differ in reproductively isolated
races and populations. The current evidence of positive correlations is inadequate but
ssufficient to warrant further investigation of statistical correlations between
behavioral traits and blood types. Such studies should comprise a variety of ability and
personality tests, more blood group Systems, and larger samples obtained from different
races and peoples.
まとめ
(H9.12.28)どうですか？ だいたい日本の傾向と似ていると思いませんか？ 特に、１３．は他のデータともぴったり一致します（しかし、他校のデータではかなり違うので判断に苦しむところですが…）。ざっと次のような傾向だと思います。
いずれにしても、上のデータではかなり再現性があるというのが実感です。ちょっとしつこいですが書いておきますと、安定した差が出るのには以下のような条件が必要です。
１．回答者が均質でないといけない（つまり、同じ大学の大学生なんかがいちばんいい）
２．回答者総数が数百人以上でないといけない（できれば千人以上で血液型別の人数が同じならなおよい）
３．能見さんの本の血液型別の特徴を質問項目にすること（一般の性格テストではダメ）
４．能見さんの本の血液型別特徴と回答結果は必ずしも一致しない（とにかく差が出ればよい）
私の仮説の条件のうち、１．は満たしていませんが（小学生から高校生では年齢差がありすぎる）、２．４．は満たしています。３．については、英語の質問なのでちょっと無理でしょう。また、回答率の差は１０〜２０％ですから、これにもぴったりですね。(^^)
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